The main research gaps involve epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. Diagnostic criteria were developed with 3 levels of certainty: witnessed (possible) SHE, video-documented (clinical) SHE, and video-EEG-documented (confirmed) SHE. The etiology may be genetic or due to structural pathology, but in most cases remains unknown. It was recommended that the name be changed to sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), reflecting evidence that the attacks are associated with sleep rather than time of day, the seizures may arise from extrafrontal sites, and the motor aspects of the seizures are characteristic. To improve the definition of the disorder and establish diagnostic criteria with levels of certainty, a consensus conference using formal recommended methodology was held in Bologna in September 2014. At present, there is no consensus definition of this disorder and disagreement persists about its core electroclinical features and the spectrum of etiologies involved. Moreover, misdiagnosis can have substantial adverse consequences on patients' lives. Though uncommon, it is of considerable interest to practicing neurologists because of complexity in differential diagnosis from more common, benign sleep disorders such as parasomnias, or other disorders like psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. The syndrome known as nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is recognized worldwide and has been studied in a wide range of clinical and scientific settings (epilepsy, sleep medicine, neurosurgery, pediatric neurology, epidemiology, genetics). Picard), University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, Switzerland Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences (M.P.), University of Ferrara, Italy Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.R.), CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland Functional Neurology and Epileptology (P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and CRNL, Lyon Epilepsy Institute (P.R.), IDEE, Lyon, France Division of Neurology (F.V.), Bambin Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome Sleep Disorders Centre (M.Z.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Institute and Hospital, Milan, Italy Epilepsy Research Centre (S.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia and Department of Neurology (R.O.), College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience (P.H.), Budapest, Hungary Department of Neurology (M.M.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis Institute of Neurology Mondino (R.M.), University of Pavia Sleep Disorders Center (L.P.), Department of Neurology, University of Parma, Italy Department of Neurology (F. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.D.), Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.G.), Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G., C.M.), A. Munari” Center for Epilepsy Surgery (L.N., L.T.), Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy Epilepsy Research Centre (I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Bern, Switzerland Unit of Neurology (F.C.), S. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY Unité Médicale Epilepsie et Malaises (P.K.), Pôle de Neurologie et Psychiatrie, CHU de Grenoble, France “C. Provini, L.L.), University of Bologna, Italy University College London–Institute of Child Health (J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield, UK Department of Epidemiology (D.H., R.O.), Mailman School of Public Health, and G.H. Provini, L.V., L.L., B.M., I.N.), Bologna Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (P.T., F.B., F. From IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche (P.T., F.B., F.
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